The natural environment has always been a ‘silent victim’ of war in the history of armed conflict, as a result of both direct and indirect damage caused by warfare. It was not until the 1970s, as a result of the experience of the Vietnam War in the context of the use of defoliants and herbicides and an increased awareness of environmental security among members of the international community. The first provisions under international humanitarian law protecting the environment were established. In view of this, the aim of this article is to analyse one of the most important international agreements on the subject, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Military or Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD). The purpose of this article is to demonstrate why the above convention was created in the 1970s and not in another decade. At the same time, by analysing the most significant articles of ENMOD, the aim is to identify the key problems of the convention in relation to the Russian- -Ukrainian armed conflict. Therefore, the main research issue is the relevance of the discussed ENMOD international agreement for environmental protection in a situation of armed conflict, taking the example of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The stated research hypothesis is that the ENMOD Convention is not relevant to the vast majority of environmental damage caused by armed conflict. Nevertheless, it is a key treaty that complements the general and specific regimes of environmental protection in situations of armed conflict. For the purpose of solving the research issue posed and verification the hypothesis, the article applies a methodology based on a qualitative method, analysing and critically evaluating the literature on the subject, while using a dogmatic-legal method on the legal sciences in relation to legal acts and a historical-legal method to show the genesis and evolution of the ENMOD Convention. The author concludes in the analysis that the ENMOD is not relevant for most environmental damage caused by armed action, as evidenced by the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, where both parties to the conflict are bound by this treaty. However, the ENMOD is an important addition to the environmental protection regime in a situation of armed conflict.