The aim of this study is to disseminate knowledge about the origins and sources of military criminal law at the dawn of independence, and to answer the question of which doctrine of the European countries had the greatest impact on the shaping of the native canon of military criminal law. This study considers the military justice system of the Austrian army in the first half of the 20th century and its impact on the Polish military criminal procedure, the military justice of the German army in the first half of the 20th century and its impact on Polish substantive military criminal law, the Russian Penal Code of 1903 and its influence on Polish military criminal law and finally the military justice system of the French army in the first half of the 20th century and its influence on Polish military criminal law. While undertaking my research work during the preparation of the article in question, I analyzed the bibliography and legal records collected in the collections of the University of Warsaw Library. After selecting the appropriate books and reading their content, I proceeded to an in-depth and detailed analysis of the collected material. As a result, I came to the conclusion that the German and Russian doctrines had the greatest impact on the canon of substantive military criminal law at the dawn of independence. The criminal procedure was influenced by Austrian and French law.